Asayansi akuyesa zofunikira tsiku lililonse kuti apeze njira zabwino zodzitetezera ku coronavirus. Mitsamiro, ma pijama a flannel ndi matumba otulutsira origami onse ndi omwe akufuna.
Akuluakulu azaumoyo ku Federal tsopano akulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu kuphimba kumaso panthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus. Koma ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimateteza kwambiri?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention idatulutsa mawonekedwe a chigoba opanda msoko opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mipango ndi zosefera khofi, komanso makanema opangira masks pogwiritsa ntchito mphira ndi nsalu zopindidwa zomwe zimapezeka kunyumba.
Ngakhale chophimba kumaso chosavuta chimatha kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa coronavirus popewa mabakiteriya akunja omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kutsokomola kapena kuyetsemula kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilomboka, akatswiri amati momwe masks odzipangira kunyumba angatetezere wovala ku mabakiteriya zimatengera kuyenera kwa chinthucho Kugonana komanso mtundu wake. Zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Asayansi m'dziko lonselo ayesetsa kuzindikira zida za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimatha kusefa bwino tinthu tating'onoting'ono. M'mayeso aposachedwa, zosefera sitovu za HEPA, zikwama zotsukira vacuum, mapilo 600 ndi nsalu zofanana ndi ma pijama a flannel zidakwera kwambiri. Zosefera za khofi zowunjikana zagoletsa pang'ono. Scarf ndi mpango zipangizo yagoletsa otsika, komabe analanda ochepa particles.
Ngati mulibe zida zoyesedwa, kuyesa kosavuta kungakuthandizeni kudziwa ngati nsaluyo ndi yabwino kwa masks.
Dr. Scott Segal, wapampando wa anesthesiology ku Wake Forest Baptist Health, adati: "Ikani kuwala kowala," posachedwapa adaphunzira za masks opangira kunyumba. "Ngati kuwala kumadutsa mu ulusi mosavuta ndipo mutha kuwona ulusiwo, ndiye kuti si nsalu yabwino. Ngati walukidwa ndi nsalu yokhuthala ndipo kuwala sikudutsa mochuluka choncho, ndiye kuti mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.”
Ofufuzawo adati ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kafukufuku wa labotale adachitika bwino popanda kutayikira kapena mipata mu chigoba, koma njira yoyesera imatipatsa njira yofananizira zida. Ngakhale kusefa kwa masks odzipangira kunyumba kumawoneka kuti ndi kotsika, ambiri aife (kukhala kunyumba ndi malo ochezera a pagulu) sitifuna chitetezo chokwanira chomwe ogwira ntchito azachipatala amafunikira. Chofunika koposa, chophimba kumaso chilichonse ndichabwino kuposa kusavala chophimba kumaso, makamaka ngati munthu yemwe watenga kachilombo koma osadziwa kuti kachilomboka wavala.
Chovuta chachikulu pakusankha chigoba chodzipangira chokha ndikupeza nsalu yowundana mokwanira kuti igwire tinthu ta virus, koma yopuma komanso yokwanira kuvala. Zinthu zina zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa intaneti zimakhala ndi zosefera zambiri, koma zinthuzi sizitha.
Wang Wang, wothandizira pulofesa wa zomangamanga ku Missouri University of Science and Technology, adagwira ntchito ndi ophunzira ake omaliza maphunziro awo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo zosefera mpweya ndi nsalu. Dr. Wang anati: “Mumafunika chinthu chimene chimatha kuchotsa tinthu ting’onoting’ono, koma mumafunikanso kupuma.” Dr. Wang adapambana Mphotho ya International Aerosol Research Award kugwa komaliza.
Pofuna kuyesa zida zatsiku ndi tsiku, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa masks azachipatala, ndipo aliyense amavomereza kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala omwe ali ndi kachilomboka chifukwa choyendera anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka asamawononge ndalama. Masks azachipatala abwino kwambiri otchedwa N95 masks amasefa osachepera 95% a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ngati ma microns 0.3. Mosiyana ndi izi, chigoba cha maopaleshoni (chopangidwa ndi nsalu yamakona anayi yokhala ndi ndolo zotanuka) chimakhala ndi kusefera kwa 60% mpaka 80%.
Gulu la Dr. Wang linayesa mitundu iwiri ya zosefera mpweya. Zosefera za HVAC zomwe zimachepetsa ziwengo zimagwira ntchito bwino, ndi gawo limodzi logwira 89% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimagwira 94% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Fyuluta ya ng'anjo imagwira 75% ya madzi mu zigawo ziwiri, koma zimatengera zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi kuti zifike 95%. Kuti mupeze fyuluta yofanana ndi yomwe idayesedwa, yang'anani kuchuluka kwa lipoti labwino kwambiri (MERV) la 12 kapena kupitilira apo, kapena kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a 1900 kapena kupitilira apo.
Vuto la zosefera mpweya n'lakuti zimatha kugwetsa tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timapuma moopsa. Choncho, ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta, muyenera sandwich fyuluta pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za thonje nsalu. Dr. Wang adati m'modzi mwa ophunzira ake omwe adamaliza maphunziro ake adapanga chigoba chake molingana ndi malangizo omwe ali mu kanema wa CDC, koma adawonjeza zigawo zingapo za zosefera pansalu yayikulu.
Gulu la Dr. Wang linapezanso kuti pogwiritsira ntchito nsalu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, zigawo ziwiri zimapereka chitetezo chochepa kwambiri kuposa zinayi. Mtsamiro wowerengera ulusi wa 600 ukhoza kungolanda 22% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tikawirikiza kawiri, koma zigawo zinayi zimatha kutenga pafupifupi 60% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Chovala chokhuthala chaubweya chimasefa 21% ya tinthu ting'onoting'ono m'magulu awiri ndi 48.8% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tinayi. Mphuno ya thonje ya 100% idachita zoyipa kwambiri, yowerengera 18.2% yokha ikawirikiza kawiri, ndipo 19.5% yokha pamagulu anayi.
Gululi linayesanso zosefera za khofi za Brew Rite ndi Natural Brew. Zosefera za khofi zikayikidwa m'magawo atatu, kusefera kwachangu ndi 40% mpaka 50%, koma mpweya wawo umakhala wotsika kuposa zosankha zina.
Ngati muli ndi mwayi wozindikira quilt, afunseni kuti akupangireni chigoba. Mayeso omwe adachitika ku Wake Forest Regenerative Medicine Institute ku Winston Salem, North Carolina, adawonetsa kuti masks opangidwa kunyumba opangidwa ndi nsalu yosokedwa amagwira ntchito bwino. Dr. Segal wa Wake Forest Baptist Sanitation, yemwe amayang'anira kafukufukuyu, adanenanso kuti ma quilts amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito thonje wapamwamba kwambiri. Pakufufuza kwake, masks abwino kwambiri opangira kunyumba ndi abwino ngati masks opangira opaleshoni, kapena abwinoko pang'ono, ndipo zosefera zoyesedwa ndi 70% mpaka 79%. Dr. Segal adati kusefera kwa masks opangidwa kunyumba pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu zoyaka moto ndikotsika mpaka 1%.
Mapangidwe abwino kwambiri ndi masks opangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za "quilt thonje" wapamwamba kwambiri, masks osanjikiza awiri opangidwa ndi nsalu yolimba ya batik, ndi zigawo zamkati za flannel ndi zigawo zakunja. Chigoba chamitundu iwiri. thonje.
Bonnie Browning, yemwe ndi mkulu wa bungwe la American Sewing Manufacturers Association, ananena kuti nsalu zotchingira zimakonda nsalu za thonje ndi batik zolukidwa bwino, zomwe zidzaima pakapita nthawi. Mayi Browning adanena kuti makina ambiri osokera amatha kugwira nsalu ziwiri zokha popanga masks otsekemera, koma anthu omwe akufuna zigawo zinayi zachitetezo amatha kuvala masks awiri nthawi imodzi.
Ms. Browning adati posachedwa adakumana ndi quilt pa Facebook ndipo adamva mawu a anthu 71, omwe adapanga masks pafupifupi 15,000. Mayi Browning, amene amakhala ku Paducah, Kentucky, anati: “Makina athu osokera ndi ovuta kwambiri. Chinthu chimodzi chomwe ambirife tili nacho ndi kubisa nsalu.
Omwe sasoka amatha kuyesa chigoba chopindika cha origami chopangidwa ndi Jiang Wu Wu, pulofesa wothandizira wazopanga zamkati ku Indiana University. Mayi Wu amadziwika ndi zojambulajambula zochititsa chidwi zopinda. Ananenanso kuti popeza mchimwene wake adamuuza ku Hong Kong (nthawi zambiri akavala chigoba), adayamba kupanga mtundu wopindika wokhala ndi zida zamankhwala ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimatchedwa Tyvek ndi thumba la vacuum. Masks. izo. (DuPont, wopanga Tyvek, adanena kuti Tyvek idapangidwira zovala zachipatala m'malo mwa masks.) Mawonekedwe a chigoba chopukutira amapezeka pa intaneti kwaulere, ndipo kanemayo akuwonetsa ndondomeko yopinda. Pakuyesa kochitidwa ndi University of Missouri ndi University of Virginia, asayansi adapeza kuti thumba la vacuum lichotsa 60% mpaka 87% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Komabe, matumba ena a vacuum amatha kukhala ndi magalasi a fiberglass kapena ovuta kupuma kuposa zida zina, kotero sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mayi Wu adagwiritsa ntchito chikwama chochokera ku EnviroCare Technologies. Kampaniyo idati sigwiritsa ntchito ulusi wagalasi m'matumba ake amapepala ndi matumba opangidwa ndi fiber.
Mayi Wu anati: “Ndikufuna kupanga chisankho kwa anthu amene sasoka,” adatero. Akulankhula ndi magulu osiyanasiyana kuti apeze zida zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito popinda masks. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zida zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale chikwama chovundikiracho chimatha.
Kukula koyenera komwe asayansi akuyesako ndi ma microns 0,3 chifukwa uwu ndiye muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health pamasks azachipatala.
Linsey Marr, wasayansi wa aerosol ku Virginia Tech komanso katswiri wofalitsa kachilombo ka HIV, adati njira yotsimikizira zopumira komanso zosefera za HEPA zimayang'ana pa ma microns 0,3, chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizovuta kwambiri kujambula. Ananenanso kuti ngakhale zingawoneke ngati zosagwirizana, tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono to 0.1 micron ndizosavuta kuzigwira chifukwa zimakhala ndikuyenda mwachisawawa komwe kumawapangitsa kugunda ulusi wazosefera.
"Ngakhale coronavirus itakhala pafupifupi ma microns 0.1, imayandama mosiyanasiyana kuyambira 0.2 mpaka mazana angapo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa anthu amatulutsa kachilomboka kuchokera m'malo opumira, omwenso amakhala ndi mchere wambiri. Mapuloteni ndi zinthu zina,” Dr. Marr, ngakhale madzi a m’madonthowo atuluka nthunzi kotheratu, pamakhalabe mchere wambiri, ndipo mapulotini ndi zotsalira zina zimakhalabe ngati zinthu zolimba kapena zonga gel osakaniza. Ndikuganiza kuti ma microns a 0.3 akadali othandiza pakuwongolera chifukwa kusefera kocheperako kudzakhala mozungulira kukula uku, ndi zomwe NIOSH imagwiritsa ntchito. ”